Organizational Culture And Human Behavior - 1323 Words

Successful projects are those that are completed within the agreed upon scope and budget, and on time. Cost and schedule overages cause majority of projects unsuccessful. Therefore, it is imperative that organizations employ better ideas and novel methodologies and frameworks in managing projects (Murthy, 2014). A major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. This paper will briefly explore the influence organizational culture and human behavior have on the success of projects, in particular projects plagued with conflict. First, this paper will discuss the influences organizational culture has on the success of projects. Secondly, the role project leadership plays in the success of projects and how project managers can build and manage effective teams. Finally, strategies on successfully managing the relationships between team members and the relationships between the team and external resources will be provided. Organizational Culture’s Influence Organizational culture is defined as values that are shared by a group (Kotter and Heskett, 1992). An organization s culture is the primary influence on employee performance. Organizational culture influences performance by shaping the behavior of organization members (Tsai, 2011). It provides unity for employees. The culture is shaped by the organization’s vision or mission along with a competitive and regulatory environment whichShow MoreRelatedLearning About Human Behavior And Organizational Culture, Motivation, Managing Conflict, And Negotiation1242 Words   |  5 PagesLearning About Human Behavior Human Behavior in Organizations is a five week course; however the information that is presented over the five weeks is difficult to absorb and assimilate into everyday life. The amount of knowledge I could gain from this course would take me a whole semester to actually process. I thoroughly enjoyed the topics, case studies, and trying to decipher if a certain action is ethical and moral. What really defines ethical and moral? Is it one’s own cultural beliefs thatRead MoreNursing and The Organizational Culture of Human Resource Management1495 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational culture can play a very important role in any corporation’s success. As we learn more about how to make a company more successful through effective management of Human Resource, we are learning of the value of people, as a whole, and how they contribute to the success or failure of an organization. That’s even more so true with in healthcare organizations. Nurses play a pivotal role in the health care profession and make up the majority of healthcare workers in a hospital settingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper850 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper The following essay will be described the organizational behavior terminology and concepts applied in the organization. The following topics will be presented: Organization culture as internal and external environment of control. Diversity as of individual differences based on gender, race and ethnicity, age, disabilities, and sexual orientation. As the last subject communication as the human skill that helps the organization to work well withRead MoreThe Role and Responsibility of Company Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture1712 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to (Organic Workspaces, n. d) an organization’s culture refers to the observable, powerful forces in any organization, usually constituted by the employees’ shared values, beliefs, symbols, and behaviors. The organizational culture ideally influences its decisions and actions (Tharp, n. d). (Watkins, 2013) also defines organizational culture as a consistent and observable pattern of behavior in organizati ons. An organization’s culture channelizes individual decisions and actions at a subconsciousRead MoreEssay on Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts1024 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavior of employees within any organization is paramount to the success or failure of that organization. The study of organizational behavior is a science with its own vocabulary and terminology. This essay will describe some of the more common key concepts and terminology and relate those to the modern United States Navy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An organization is, simply, a body of people organized for some specific purpose† (communication, 2005)Read MoreDefinition Of Just Culture Leadership1366 Words   |  6 PagesJust Culture Leadership A Just Culture is a proactive, learning culture that sees events as opportunities instead of misfortunes and in healthcare is directed towards patient safety and improving patient outcomes. Allowing employees to report errors without being reprimanded promotes trust. Human errors are costly and can lead to death when providing care to patients. Creating an environment that fosters learning in preventing errors boost employees morale. A learning environment allows individualRead MoreFactors Influencing Organizational Behavior And The Organization1123 Words   |  5 PagesFactor Influencing Organizational Behavior Student Name Course Name Course Code Introduction The study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization and the organization itself is known as Organizational Behavior. The study of organizational behavior can be divided into three levels: †¢ Micro Level – Individuals in an organization †¢ Meso Level – Work Groups †¢ Macro Level – How organizations behave It was observed by ChesterRead MoreTransformation Is Run By Ceo Carole Anne Hilton1551 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Uniting business and culture†. What this means for the management is that they not only focus of the business world but try to combine the business world with the relational world. They move more towards the designing of procedures rather than just protocol. Transformation focuses on creating an atmosphere where they are able to remove language barriers and have responsibility to create a sustainable workplace and culture. The report â€Å"Embedding Sustainability in Organizational Culture: A Systematic ReviewRead MoreOrganisational Culture1310 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Is Organizational Culture? Organizational  culture refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that show employees what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.[1] These values have a strong influence on employee behavior as well as organizational performance. In fact, the term organizational culture was made popular in the 1980s when Peters and Waterman’s best-selling book In Search of Excellence made the argument that company success could be attributed to an organizationalRead MoreThe Importance Of Interpersonal Skills On The Workplace1695 Words   |  7 Pagesand less stress. Another reason that interpersonal skills are important is because the added organizational behavior element can help promote and improve awareness the social responsibility of a company. 2. What is the definition of organizational behavior (OB)? Per the textbook, organizational behavior is â€Å"a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness†

The Prevalence Of The Obesity Epidemic - 1677 Words

We live in a time where parents are most likely to outlive their children. Not because of war on terror or school shootings, but because of a far greater villain that has yet to surface and the masses to learn about. Sugar - contemporarily the greatest stimulus that has been slowly augmenting child obesity levels in North America. Without a doubt, recent statistics prove that the prevalence of obesity in children has risen greatly. What we may refer to as the ‘obesity epidemic’, can account for a wide range of serious health complications among children including hepatitis type II diabetes, risk of impulsive illnesses, and premature death. The advocacy documentary, Fed Up, sheds critical insight on the raising obesity epidemic, caused†¦show more content†¦Moreover, other relationship and evidence that postulate an immediate connection between secondary external factors and the development of obesity during childhood will also be explored. Furthermore, a critical aspect of this paper is to study the effects or outcomes that have resulted as a part of the rise in childhood obesity. Healthy eating habits are not only good for the physical health but result in developing the mental health of individuals. This habit is still difficult to develop in many individuals because the use of unhealthy foods has become a custom for many. It is not an unknown fact that unhealthy foods, such as processed foods, provide incomparable damaging effects on the human body. Processed food comprises of 95% of an average American’s daily food diet. From tetra pack juices to ‘fortified’ cereals, everything that individuals eat and drink today have increased levels of sugar in them. Therefore, the intake of sugar among individuals in North America has risen greatly. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the detrimental effects sugar can have on the brain. Glucose is considered as a fuel for the brain but this consumption can lead to several problems if excessive glucose is taken, glucose is mainly taken from the sugar and excessive consumption of sugar can have neg ative impacts on the brain.

Capacity Strategy at Alden Products free essay sample

Capacity strategy should embody a mental model of how a firm works in a given industry and geographic region. There are a series of assumptions and predictions about the log-term behaviour of markets, technologies, costs and competitor’s behaviour. Such a model would include the following factors: * Predicted growth and variability of demand for the firm’s products and services * Costs of building and operating different sized-facilities * Likely rate and direction of technological evolution Expected behaviour of competitors * Anticipated availability, capabilities and costs of external suppliers The European organization of Alden Products, Inc. is contemplating a doubling of unit sales over the next ten years. Their largest plant, located in Holland, was set up 25 years earlier to supply all demands of the EEC countries on the continent. It has since expanded six times. The question in mind pertaining to the case is that: * Should it expand again? * Should it build a new plant in Southern Europe? Or should it expand its use of contract fillers? As of 1988, 75% of Alden-Europe’s sales took place on the continent and 25% came from UK. Out of 75% of the continent, * 25% came from France, * 12. 5% came from Italy, * 37. 5% came from Spain and Germany Alden-Europe’s overall growth was expected to average over 40% per year but this varied across various countries. Thus, there was a high degree of uncertainty about the growth rate in several countries. The capacity strategy adopted by API was Policy C: Add Capacity Only after Demand Exceeds It. This policy implies that the company’s capacity plan will contain a negative cushion so that the likelihood of running short is greater than the likelihood of having excess capacity. As per my analysis of the scenario, I feel that API should expand at Uniplant based upon the following factors: How capacity and operations management will interact in case of expansion? An operation’s actual capacity is affected by some important factors. They are as follows: 1. Capacity is technology based: A number of Uniplant’s products used proprietary formulations and ingredients. Opening up a plant in new location would make the management get reluctant to risk the secrecy of these formulations. The same would be applicable if they would go ahead with contract fillers. 2. Capacity depends on the interaction of multiple resource constraints: Uniplant attains the following advantage over Southern Europe in matters like: * No additional land needed * Availability of labour * Fewer additional employees * Cost Advantage in terms of production of own plastic bottles Availability and long-term relationship with suppliers * Speed up the processing time . Capacity is location specific: Holland is a desirable place in terms of access to raw materials, proximity to markets via existing rail lines and highways, labour costs, tax rates and political and social stability. 4. Capacity is mix dependent: The capacity of the plant which was under 90% was greatly dependent on the production mix which included both the product mix and size mix. Different products/services consume different amounts of various resources, so a change in location could affect the product mix as the availability of the various resources could also differ. Capacity depends on management policies: The management was clear about the fact the product quality should be clearly distinguishable as superior to the competition in terms of performance, packaging and design finish. Hence by subcontracting, the company would increase the risk of reduction in quality and customer service and increase in indirect costs. 6. Capacity is affected by the degree of variability of demand: Sales in different countries were expected to grow at different rates. There were also changes predicted to occur in wage and exchange rates. Hence, an increase in the number of plants would just complicate the entire issue. In terms of sizing of capacity increments taking into account scale considerations, the company should attain long term economies of scale. This scale refers to the economies that arise from using one large facility rather than a number of smaller ones. This often results in savings because the processing capacity is roughly proportional to its interior volume and its cost is more closely related to the surface area in terms of where the materials and labour hours are concentrated. We also know that though there is a growth in demand, variability exists across different countries. Greater the variability, there are chances that there would be a greater amount of underutilized capacity and at this stage opening a new plant in a different location altogether could make the entire scenario vulnerable. Drawbacks of not opening a new plant in Southern Europe are as follows: * Loose an opportunity to tap a lower cost labour market * Reduction in transportation costs had a new plant come up in Southern Europe * Would not be able to offset the protectionist sentiment in both France and Italy. Thus we see that by adopting the option of expansion at Uniplant, the company would be in a better state as compared to the other options. However a few recommendations in terms of changes to be mad in the expansion plan are provided below: Uniplant’s mark-up price should be reduced from 10% to 5% initially and then become nil in mere future. This would increase the number of sales from the customer point of view and would also help other countries to price their products competitively even during times when there is any kind of fluctuation in exchange rates. They should equalize the unit transportation costs to all subsidiaries which would make the entire process less complex and fair. This would help in maintaining long term relationships with them. Standardized products could be subcontracted but products involving high-technology shouldn’t be under contract filling as this could increase the risk of quality deterioration and increase in indirect costs.

Obesity and Calories free essay sample

But you also know that most diets and quick weight-loss plans have about as much substance as a politician’s campaign pledges. You’re better off finding several simple things you can do on a daily basis — along with following the cardinal rules of eating more vegetables and less fat and getting more physical activity. Together, they should send the scale numbers in the right direction: down. 1. Once a week, indulge in a high-calorie-tasting, but low-calorie, treat. This should help keep you from feeling deprived and binging on higher-calorie foods. For instance: †¢ Lobster. Just 83 calories in 3 ounces. †¢ Shrimp. Just 60 calories in 12 large. †¢ Smoked salmon. Just 66 calories in two ounces. Sprinkle with capers for an even more elegant treat. †¢ Whipped cream. Just 8 calories in one tablespoon. Drop a dollop over a bowl of fresh fruit for dessert. 2. Treat high-calorie foods as jewels in the crown. Make a spoonful of ice cream the jewel and a bowl of fruit the crown. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity and Calories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cut down on the chips by pairing each bite with lots of chunky, filling fresh salsa, suggests Jeff Novick, director of nutrition at the Pritikin Longevity Center Spa in Florida. Balance a little cheese with a lot of salad. 3. After breakfast, make water your primary drink. At breakfast, go ahead and drink orange juice. But throughout the rest of the day, focus on water instead of juice or soda. The average American consumes an extra 245 calories a day from soft drinks. That’s nearly 90,000 calories a year — or 25 pounds! And research shows that despite the calories, sugary drinks don’t trigger a sense of fullness the way that food does. . Carry a palm-size notebook everywhere you go for one week. Write down every single morsel that enters your lips — even water. Studies have found that people who maintain food diaries wind up eating about 15 percent less food than those who don’t. Plus: 8 Kitchen Cabinet Makeovers for Weight Loss 5. Buy a pedometer , clip it to your belt, and aim for an extra 1,000 steps a day. On average, sedentary people take only 2,000 to 3,000 steps a day. Adding 2,000 steps will help you maintain your current weight and stop gaining weight; adding more than that will help you lose weight. 6. Add 10 percent to the amount of daily calories you think you’re eating, then adjust your eating habits accordingly. If you think you’re consuming 1,700 calories a day and don’t understand why you’re not losing weight, add another 170 calories to your guesstimate. Chances are, the new number is more accurate. 7. Eat five or six small meals or snacks a day instead of three large meals. A 1999 South African study found that when men ate parts of their morning meal at intervals over five hours, they consumed almost 30 percent fewer calories at lunch than when they ate a single breakfast. Other studies show that even if you eat the same number of calories distributed this way, your body releases less insulin, which keeps blood sugar steady and helps control hunger. 8. Walk for 45 minutes a day. The reason we’re suggesting 45 minutes instead of the typical 30 is that a Duke University study found that while 30 minutes of daily walking is enough to prevent weight gain in most relatively sedentary people, exercise beyond 30 minutes results in weight and fat loss. Burning an additional 300 calories a day with three miles of brisk walking (45 minutes should do it) could help you lose 30 pounds in a year without even changing how much you’re eating. 9. Find an online weight-loss buddy. A University of Vermont study found that online weight-loss buddies help you keep the weight off. The researchers followed volunteers for 18 months. Those assigned to an Internet-based weight maintenance program sustained their weight loss better than those who met face-to-face in a support group. Plus: 15 Foods You Should Never Buy Again 0. Bring the color blue into your life more often. There’s a good reason you won’t see many fast-food restaurants decorated in blue: Believe it or not, the color blue functions as an appetite suppressant. So serve up dinner on blue plates, dress in blue while you eat, and cover your table with a blue tablecloth. Conversely, avoid red, yellow, and orange in your dining areas. Studies find they encourage eating . 11. Clean your closet of the â€Å"fat† clothes. Once you’ve reached your target weight, throw out or give away every piece of clothing that doesn’t fit. The idea of having to buy a whole new wardrobe if you gain the weight back will serve as a strong incentive to maintain your new figure. 12. Downsize your dinner plates. Studies find that the less food put in front of you, the less food you’ll eat. Conversely, the more food in front of you, the more you’ll eat — regardless of how hungry you are. So instead of using regular dinner plates that range these days from 10-14 inches (making them look forlornly empty if they’re not heaped with food), serve your main course on salad plates (about 7-9 inches wide).

101 Cisneros and Eleven Professor Ramos Blog

101 Cisneros and Eleven Quick Write Reflection Reflect on the writing process for your solution essay. Answer these questions: What did you do well in your essay? What are the strengths and weaknesses of your essay? What grade do you think the essay deserves? Quick Write What are some possible reasons for banning books? Introduction to Sandra Cisneros Have you ever read anything by Sandra Cisneros before this class? Did anybody look here up? What did you find out? Her books were banned in Arizona. Why do you think they banned them? Pioneering Chicana  writer Sandra Cisneros  received the 2015 National Medal of Arts Award from President Barack Obama at the  White House, Thursday morning (Sept. 22). Why are we reading her stories in a composition class? How is this different from our previous readings? Birthday Party Eleven Write If you were Rachel, what would you have done? To answer this, write a dialogue between Rachel and Mrs. Price. Begin your dialogue with: Mrs. Price: Of course the sweater’s yours. I remember you wearing it once. Continue the dialogue any way you want. 101 Cisneros and Eleven Library Research Notes Reflection Reflect on the writing process for your first essay. Answer these questions: What did you do well in your essay? What are the strengths and weaknesses of your essay? Where did you struggle, if at all? Library Research Notes Today we are meeting in the Crafton Library computer room. In the Crafton Hills website go to the library link. Crafton Hills Library Databases You can search for books, ebooks, reference books, and articles. Use the  EBSCO Academic Search Complete  database under interdisciplinary section Find your keywords to search effectively in the databases. Example topic: the rising costs of textbooks Keywords: textbooks, cost, price, course reserves Search the keywords you came up with for your topic. Limit the results to full texts and scholarly. Can also limit the results to current publication date, depending on your topic. Boolean Terms Use the Boolean search terms to help narrow your search results AND, OR, or NOT Read the abstract, summary, and/or introduction of the article you are considering to see if it is useful and relevant to what you are researching. Quick Write What are some possible reasons for banning books? Introduction to Sandra Cisneros Have you ever read anything by Sandra Cisneros before this class? Did anybody look here up? What did you find out? Her books were banned in Arizona. Why do you think they banned them? Pioneering Chicana  writer Sandra Cisneros  received the 2015 National Medal of Arts Award from President Barack Obama at the  White House, Thursday morning (Sept. 22). Why are we reading her stories in a composition class? How is this different from our previous readings? Birthday Party Eleven Write If you were Rachel, what would you have done? To answer this, write a dialogue between Rachel and Mrs. Price. Begin your dialogue with: Mrs. Price: Of course the sweater’s yours. I remember you wearing it once. Continue the dialogue any way you want.

calcium essays

calcium essays The importance of calcium minerals in our daily lives Calcium is a fairly hard material found naturally through the earth. It is one of the most abundant elements on earth, forming over 3% of the earths crust. Calcium has 6 stable and several radioactive isotopes. Refer to figure 1 for the properties of calcium and figure 2 for a picture of what calcium looks like. If calcium was no longer available anywhere and it was not possible to produce it artificially, it would have a deep impact on the lives of humans everywhere on the earth. We have many major uses for calcium that are Cement and the calcium is also used by our bodies to produce bones and teeth. Without the uses of calcium there would be a large social problem that would have an effect on most living things. Melting Point 839.0o C (1112.15o K, 1542.2o F) Boiling Point 1484o C (1757.15o K, 27032.2o F) When calcium is no longer available, living organisms such as humans and animals that have bones or shells and also plants such as coral, will be effected because they all are dependant on calcium. Bones are not dead material but living organisms that produce blood and can grow. Bone contains a mixture of living cells and hard mineral that is deposited by the cells. The mineral is a compound of calcium known as calcium phosphate. (See figure 3 for calcium phosphate properties) Figure 3) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Color is typically green but also yellow, blue, reddish brown and purple. Luster is vitreous to greasy and gumdrop. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is hexagonal; 6/m Crystal Habits include the typical hexagonal prism with the hexagonal pyramid or a pinacoid or both as a termination. Also accicular, granular, reniform and massive. A cryptocrystalline variety is called collophane and can make up a rock type called phosphorite and also can replace fossil frag...

Economcs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economcs - Essay Example The company is especially famous for its contribution of the assembly line, granting the mass production of automobiles by 1913 (Ford motor, n.d.). For decades, it remained to be the second largest automaker worldwide, only behind General Motors (Freysennet, 1998). Today Ford has major operations in America, Asia Pacific Africa, and Europe. It used to manufacture diverse car and truck brands, to wit, Ford, Lincoln, Mazda, Jaguar, Aston Martin, Volvo, Land Rover and Mercury (Freysennet, 1998). Recently, however, it is streamlining (though less than an overhauling) its global and domestic approach to avert unwanted outcomes. Ford sold off Jaguar, Aston Martin, Land Rover, Volvo; and conclusive in ceasing the production of Mercury by the end of this year (Weaver, 2010). Threat of Substitutes. Automobiles give the end-users a sense of individuality which other modes of transportation (e.g. trains, and buses) don’t inherently offer. However this doesn’t give them an entire advantage. Owning private vehicles doesn’t only involve a costly purchase but also entails a probably costly responsibility as well in sustaining its usability mainly in times like repairing damaged parts/areas, or supplying gasoline. Moreover, in a global perspective, people are culturally and/or socially distinct (Bradley, et al., 2005). Not all people find automobiles a commodity. Thus, the threat of substitutes is only fair and varies greatly in different geographic market locations. Rivalry between Established Competitors. Though the oligopolistic structure of the automotive industry should partly eliminate price-based competition, the concentration ratios could no longer disguise the ongoing competition (Bradley, et al., 2005). This may not even be some sleazy plan to reinforce competition but a by-product of the economic slumps such that companies ultimately attempted to generate maximum sales to finance its operations. With Honda, Toyota,

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English - Research Paper Example Opposite gender becomes a source of distraction for the pupils in high schools, therefore, single sex schools provide more focused environment to the students by removing their object of distraction. Education is a process which entails transference of knowledge and practices, development of skills and learning of new concepts through innovative and strategic skills of the educator (Burner, p.9). Thus, beneficial teaching entails successful transference of knowledge with the development of quality person along with prominent accomplishments of the learners. The teaching strategies applied and environment impacts adversely or optimistically on the learner, which means either it supports the learning style of the child or it hinders that process. Hence, this process essentially takes place in a specific environment developed by the educator. Therefore, the choice of educator in developing such an environment for the learners impacts hugely on them. Parents and teachers chose and set en vironment for their children, which supports their learning style. ... Therefore, it promoted their participation and rights for higher education, which consequently resulted in admittance of girls in the same schools. The co-education was new and it was considered most beneficial for both girls and boys to learn and prosper; academically. Thus, co-education system is largely prevalent and active in the most parts of the world for teaching both girls and boys. Only in US majority of the schools only offer co-education school system and only a smaller percentage of schools offer single sex school system. In the recent years USA has faced serious decline over quality public education and lower high school graduate rate due to increased drop outs. Thus, government of America emphasized on developing a new policy or strategy, which would fully support the learning of its youth for its technological and educational development. According to study, American graduation rank has declined to 18th position among the developed countries, which is extremely low tha n before (Foster, p.2). Therefore, educators and policy makers have been considering single sex option for all public schools due to its impact on the academics of individuals. The notion which never came under research before was how male and female students impact on each other in an educational setting. In 2008, US Department of Education proclaimed that single sex schools benefit girls to pursue their carrier in mathematics or science as they minimize distractions, which consequently results in improved attention span and achievement record. However, in 2001 a law was passed against single sex schools, which clearly stated that if the single sex schools are equally available for both genders then such an education system can be approved

Final Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Final Reflection - Essay Example only get from the past and this assists the modern age not to indulge in certain acts that were not accepted in previous regimes and societies (Rowan 5). This was a historical park in the United States, which was and is still inhabited by the very densely populated Pueblo’s people. The part is located in New Mexico, towards the northwestern part. The park is the home of ancient ruins, where there is diverse culture, considering the location is commonly known to be a historical area. The area is known for its humongous structures made from timber and sandstone between the 900-1150 AD. The inhabitants were thought to have great skill and co-ordination when coming up with structures. The ruins are protected to the present time due to the importance and significance history has to the modern world. This is an epic story done by Indiana Jones, depicting a cultish style of religion, where the goddess named Kali existed. The palace of the goddess is said to have been an abyss, under the Pankot Palace. The historical images show that the temple was based in India, and that the temple had a lava basin, a statue of Kali, and a skull-shaped altar. The story was used to show the religious sufferings of children, who spend time below the temple mines where they were labored and mistreated to find the two Sankara stones. Religion, from the past, has been known to infringe on the rights of humans, with some acts demeaning human dignity and respect. When translated, the title simply means the book of the counsel or the book of the community. It was a mytho-historical story that tried to give man a story of his origin created by divine beings. The records indicated that the mythologies of Mesoamerican origin, with different lineages of recognized beings and figures, including Xpiyacoc and Xmucane begetting Hun and Vucub, and the lineage proceeds to the present time. The myth goes ahead to deal with how humans were created, how the migrated and filled the entire world, and

Structure And Applications Of Tesla Coil Engineering Essay

Structure And Applications Of Tesla Coil Engineering Essay A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high voltage, relatively high current, high frequency alternating current electricity. Tesla used the coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, x-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkgap_transmitter gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920, and in electrotherapy and medical devices such as violet ray. Today their main use is entertainment and educational displays. Tesla coils are built by many high-voltage enthusiasts, research institutions, science museums and independent experimenters. Modified Tesla coils are widely used as igniters for high power gas discharge lamps, common examples being the mercury vapor and sodium types used for street lighting. Tesla Coil principle A Tesla coil transformer operates in a different manner than a conventional (i.e., iron core) transformer. In a conventional transformer, the windings are very tightly coupled, and voltage gain is limited to the ratio of the numbers of turns in the windings. However, unlike a conventional transformer, which may couple 97%+ of the magnetic fields between windings, a Tesla coils windings are loosely coupled, with the primary and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their respective magnetic fields and instead the coil transfers energy (via loose coupling) from one oscillating resonant circuit (the primary) to the other (the secondary) over a number of RF cycles. As the primary energy transfers to the secondary, the secondarys output voltage increases until all of the available primary energy has been transferred to the secondary (less losses). Even with significant spark gap losses, a well designed Tesla coil can transfer over 85% of the energy initially stored in the primary capacitor to the secondary circuit. Thus the voltage gain of a disruptive Tesla coil can be significantly greater than a conventional transformer, since it is instead proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. In addition, because of the large gap between the primary and secondary that loose coupling makes possible, the insulation between the two is far less likely to break down, and this permits coils to run extremely high voltages without damage. Alternate Tesla Coil Configuration This circuit also driven by alternating currents. However, here the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high frequencies. Electrical transmission A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of watts). It should therefore be adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (spark) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects. Tesla experimented with these, and many others, circuit configurations. The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap. The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical Tuning precautions The primary coils resonant frequency should be tuned to that of the secondary, using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power until the apparatus has been brought under control. While tuning, a small projection (called a breakout bump) is often added to the top terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air. Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive loading by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. For a variety of technical reasons, toroids provide one of the most effective shapes for the top terminals of Tesla coils. Air discharges A small, later-type Tesla coil in operation. The output is giving 17-inch sparks. The diameter of the secondary is three inches. The power source is a 10000 V, 60 Hz current limited supply. While generating discharges, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The electric currents that flow through these discharges are actually due to the rapid shifting of quantities of charge from one place (the top terminal) to other places (nearby regions of air). The process is similar to charging or discharging a capacitor. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement current. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called space charge regions). Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges. When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates a magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance. The energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, and most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred into the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroids RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo dielectric breakdown, forming a corona discharge. As the secondary coils energy (and output voltage) continues to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very conductive root of hotter plasma, called a leader that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, it has properties that are similar to an electric arc. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish haze at the ends of the more luminous leaders, and it is the streamers that actually transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive. In a spark gap Tesla coil the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50-500 times per second, and previously formed leader channels dont get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy thats available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat). At this point, dynamic equilibrium is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coils output power level. The unique combination of a rising high voltage Radio Frequency envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerab ly longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High voltage discharges create filamentary multi-branched discharges which are purplish blue in color. High energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low energy discharges, because of increased ionization. There will be a strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. Tesla Coil components The simplest Tesla Coil consists of only 6 basic parts shown in the photograph on the left:- The Neon Sign Transformers (shown bottom left) provide the high voltage supply which is required to operate the spark gap. Power from the transformers charges the bank of high voltage capacitors (shown bottom right.) Energy from the capacitors is transferred into the primary winding when the spark gap fires. The spark gap (shown bottom centre) is an RQ style static gap with forced air cooling. Energy in the primary coil is transferred into the secondary coil by magnetic coupling between the two coils. When the energy is transferred to the secondary coil it results in an extremely high voltage at the top of the secondary. The toroid is the last stopping place for the electricity before it jumps into the air. Spark Gap The spark gap is basically a high power switch. It is the spark gap which is responsible for initiating the discharge of the tank capacitor into the primary winding of the Tesla Coil. It turns-on when sufficient voltage exists across the spark gap. The air in the gap ionizes and begins to conduct electricity like a closed switch. The spark gap turns-off when the current flowing through it drops to a low level, and the air gap regains its insulating properties. When used in this way as a switch, the spark gap has the following properties:- High voltage hold-off capability in the off-state, High current carrying capability in the on-state, Extremely fast turn-on time, Physically scalable to almost any power rating, Good overload margin, (robust) A typical Tesla Coil circuit diagram How Tesla Coils Work A classic Tesla coil consists of two inductive-capacitive (LC) oscillators, loosely coupled to one another. An LC oscillator has two main components, an inductor and a capacitor. An inductor converts an electrical current into a magnetic field or a magnetic field into a current. Inductors are formed from electrical conductors wound into coils. Capacitors consist of two or more conductors separated by an insulator. A capacitor converts current into an electric field or an electric field into current. Both magnetic fields and electric fields are forms of stored energy. When a charged capacitor (U=CV2/2) is connected to an inductor an electric current will flow from the capacitor through the inductor creating a magnetic field (U=LI2/2). When the electric field in the capacitor is exhausted the current stops and the magnetic field collapses. As the magnetic field collapses, it induces a current to flow in the inductor in the opposite direction to the original current. This new current ch arges the capacitor, creating a new electric field, equal but opposite to the original field. As long as the inductor and capacitor are connected the energy in the system will oscillate between the magnetic field and the electric field as the current constantly reverses. The rate at which the system oscillates is given by (the square root of 1/LC)/2pi. One full cycle of oscillation is shown in the drawing below. In the real world the oscillation will eventually damp out due to resistive losses in the conductors (the energy will be dissipated as heat). In a Tesla coil, the two inductors share the same axis and are located close to one another. In this manner the magnetic field produced by one inductor can generate a current in the other.. The primary oscillator consists of a flat spiral inductor with only a few turns, a capacitor, a voltage source to charge the capacitor and a switch to connect the capacitor to the inductor. The secondary oscillator contains a large, tightly wound inductor with many turns and a capacitor formed by the earth on one end (the base) and an output terminal (usually a sphere or toroid) on the other. While the switch is open, a low current flows through the primary inductor, charging the capacitor. When the switch is closed a much higher current flows from the capacitor through the primary inductor, The resulting magnetic field induces a corresponding current in the secondary. Because the secondary contains many more turns than the primary a very high electric field is established in the secondary capacitor. The output of a Tesla coil is maximized when two conditions are met. First, both the primary and secondary must oscillate at the same frequency. And secondly, the total length of conductor in the secondary must be equal to one quarter of the oscillators wave length. Wave length is equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency of the oscillator. Uses of Tesla coil Two variations of the Tesla coil are found in everyday devices, the CRT display and the internal combustion engine. Every CRT type display (televisions, computer monitors, etc.) uses a small Tesla coil, usually referred to as a fly back transformer in this application, to provide the high voltage necessary to accelerate electrons from the electron gun in the narrow end of the picture tube to the phosphors coating the inside of the screen. An oil filled Tesla coil, known as an ignition coil, is found under the hood of all internal combustion powered automobiles. It provides the high voltage to fire the spark plugs. Tesla coils have also been used to provide special effects for the entertainment industry.

Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Notes :: essays research papers

1. The conch being inexpertly blown and the fact that Piggy has only one lens shows that society has begun to function poorly. The reason for this decline in society is Jack. Jack broke Piggy's lens, and now Jack who has power, represented by the conch, does not know how to blow it properly. This tells us that Jack is an inept leader who misuses power and destroys knowledge. To become an expert at something, such as blowing a conch or leading a society takes time, so this is also significant because it shows that Jack has just recently come to power. Because the conch and Piggy's glasses are crippled, knowledge and power are crippled, but not yet fully eliminated.2. When Simon says, " I think we ought to climb the mountain.", he means that society should conquer its fears and reclaim the island. When the boys first founded society, one of the first things that they did was to climb the mountain and attain knowledge of the island. It is important to note that knowledge was a priority for this early society. Climbing the mountain was also a task undertaken with great enthusiasm and the offering of hope for what their society could be. This was the peak of their civilization. Ever since then their society has been "declining" or going "downhill", so the mountain represents the "peak" or "height" of their civilization. As the boys' civilization fell apart, it became primitive and controlled increasingly by evil elements (Jack). Because of this the boys began to fear a beast. The beast was a symbol of this demise and an obstacle to the return of glory. I say that the beast is an obstacle because they now fear climbing the mountain, a mountain that symbolizes the peak of society. When Simon says that they should climb the mountain, he is also saying that the boys should abandon their primitive fears and return to previous glory.3. The new fire is symbolic because it is Piggy's attempt to rebuild society. Piggy believes that without Jack (evil), he himself (knowledge and civility) can prosper. The first step that Piggy decides to take is the construction of a new fire. The fire represents the domination and manipulation of nature and therefore the return to civility. It is important to note that the fire is in a new location. The new fire represents a new society engineered by Piggy and founded upon knowledge. Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Notes :: essays research papers 1. The conch being inexpertly blown and the fact that Piggy has only one lens shows that society has begun to function poorly. The reason for this decline in society is Jack. Jack broke Piggy's lens, and now Jack who has power, represented by the conch, does not know how to blow it properly. This tells us that Jack is an inept leader who misuses power and destroys knowledge. To become an expert at something, such as blowing a conch or leading a society takes time, so this is also significant because it shows that Jack has just recently come to power. Because the conch and Piggy's glasses are crippled, knowledge and power are crippled, but not yet fully eliminated.2. When Simon says, " I think we ought to climb the mountain.", he means that society should conquer its fears and reclaim the island. When the boys first founded society, one of the first things that they did was to climb the mountain and attain knowledge of the island. It is important to note that knowledge was a priority for this early society. Climbing the mountain was also a task undertaken with great enthusiasm and the offering of hope for what their society could be. This was the peak of their civilization. Ever since then their society has been "declining" or going "downhill", so the mountain represents the "peak" or "height" of their civilization. As the boys' civilization fell apart, it became primitive and controlled increasingly by evil elements (Jack). Because of this the boys began to fear a beast. The beast was a symbol of this demise and an obstacle to the return of glory. I say that the beast is an obstacle because they now fear climbing the mountain, a mountain that symbolizes the peak of society. When Simon says that they should climb the mountain, he is also saying that the boys should abandon their primitive fears and return to previous glory.3. The new fire is symbolic because it is Piggy's attempt to rebuild society. Piggy believes that without Jack (evil), he himself (knowledge and civility) can prosper. The first step that Piggy decides to take is the construction of a new fire. The fire represents the domination and manipulation of nature and therefore the return to civility. It is important to note that the fire is in a new location. The new fire represents a new society engineered by Piggy and founded upon knowledge.

Macbeth coursework Essay

We know that lady Macbeth is not calm in the beginning of act 2 scene 2 because of all the factors used to create tension and an eerie surrounding, these are it is dark, some one has just gone to murder the king and the owl shrieking. She will also be on edge and continually watching her back, this will be because Macbeth has just gone to murder the king, and if it goes wrong everything points to them and they will be executed for treason. To calm her down she has a drink, ‘that which hath made them drunk hath made me bold†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this shows she has had a drink to make her courageous. To add even more tension to this already tense scene the speech speed dramatically increases, ‘When?’ ‘Now.’ ‘As I descended?’ You can tell the speed increases allot because they don’t say more than three words to each other in this banter at this point in the scene. When the two actors playing this scene are acting they should be moving around in synchronised circles around the stage and express their speech in hand movements. After this they move onto a different subject, Donaldbain, the king’s son. The whole of this scene should be spoken not to loud but not to quiet because it is so early in the morning that it is dark, and everyone in the castle apart from them two is asleep. Macbeth then starts to tell Lady Macbeth that he heard the two guards and other voices praying and talking to him, ‘There’s one did laugh ins sleep, and one cried murder!’ he is telling Lady Macbeth about his hearings in this quote. Lady Macbeth believes him but does not want him to develop on these thoughts and move on, ‘consider it not so deeply.’ She is now telling him to move on to another subject and carry on as normal. She could be a bit worried about her husband Macbeth, ‘these deeds must not be thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she is worried that he is dwelling on this subject too much for his and her own good,’ it will make us mad. ‘ This sentence is very ironic because in the later stages of the play it comes true, this comes true because lady Macbeth goes around washing her hands thinking there is blood on them but there actually isn’t. This ends in her committing suicide. She could also be trying to comfort him, ‘What do you mean?’ she could be trying to get all of his bad feelings out of him and out in the open so she can deal with him. This could also lead to it being easier for her to manipulate him by exploiting his weaknesses. The stronger character in this scene and the whole time she is in the play is Lady Macbeth in the way she controls her whole surroundings to the way she wants, ‘these deeds must not be thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in this part of the play she is in controlling she is literally telling him what to think. There is a great warrior who has killed many in battle is putty in his wives hands, she can mould him into feeling and doing what she wants. Macbeth starts to show a little amount of backbone in the middle of the scene, ‘Ill go no more.’ This is when he confronts her and tells her he won’t do anymore when she tells him to put the daggers back and smear the blood on the guards. Earlier at the beginning of the scene when Macbeth returns from the murder of the king he brings back two crucial pieces of evidence that links them to the murder. The plan was to kill the king with the guard’s daggers and return the daggers after smearing the blood on the two guards to frame them. He does all of this apart from the returning the daggers. When Lady Macbeth realises this she is furious,’Infirm of purpose!’ She raised her voice severely, to prove how angry she is. She is saying to him that he can’t do the simple job he was told to do. So because of this fault it looks like the guards are innocent and they wanted to frame them. When Lady Macbeth goes to return the daggers this shows us she is not a normal women in accordance to those times,’ I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this shows us she is not afraid to stare In the face of death and smear the faces of the guards which she has manipulated her husband to do. This is very strange because when this play was made the country was a very Christian and to murder a man in cold blood was a very serious offence let alone blame the murder on his own guards. Lady Macbeth is not a normal as we know because earlier in the play when we first see her in act 1 scene 5 she calls upon evil spirits to make her more of a man than a woman. When Lady Macbeth returns from smearing the blood on the guards she says,’ A little water clears us of this deed.’ She is basically saying that all it needs is a little bit of water to clean their hands then they are in the clear of the murder. This sentence is also ironic because when Lady Macbeth gets mentally ill in the later stages of the play she thinks her hands have blood on them so she continually washes them thinking the blood is still there even though there is none there. The way that Lady Macbeth is portrayed throughout the whole play from Act 1 scene 5 till she commits suicide is she is an opportunist; she sees the opportunity that Macbeth can become king so she pushes him and manipulates him to think he is the rightful king. She will also do anything to be crowned queen alongside him. She is also shown as very devious and a manipulator this is shown as she controls the best Scottish warrior is like a dog and she is the owner she tells him what to do and he does it, or a puppet master and the puppet. She also manipulates the noblest warrior to kill in cold blood. She is shown most of the way through the play as the more prominent and powerful character of all the characters in the play. I think that Shakespeare tried and succeed in personifying the devil in Lady Macbeth in the way she controls her environment to her advantage. What I thought of Lady Macbeth in the first time we see her when she reads the letter from Macbeth was that she was an elegant woman nothing like she turns out to be. But after she hears the prophecy about Macbeth becoming the king it is like an on/off switch to turn on or off the evilness inside of her. She believes,’ He is too full of the milk of human kindness.’ Meaning he is too kind to do any of the deeds he has done so far. Straight away she is scheming and wanted him to hurry home so she can,’ Pour my spirits in thine ear.’ Basically she wants to poison his mind.

Business modeling Essays

Business modeling Essays Business modeling Essay Business modeling Essay Business indicates the gender and nationality of the MBA incoming class in two successive years at the Kelly school of business at Indiana university. A- For each year, create tables of counts of gender and of nationality. Than create column charts of these counts. Do they indicate any noticeable change in the composition of the two classes? B- Repeat part a for nationality, but recode this variable so that all nationalities that have counts of 1 or 2 are classified as other. The file POP_06. XSL lists the average time (in minutes) it takes citizens of 379 territorial areas to travel to work and back home each day. A- Create a histogram of the daily commute times. B- Find the most representative average daily commute time across this distribution. C- Find a useful measure of the variability of these average commute times around the mean. D- The empirical rule for standard deviations indicates that approximately 95% of these average travel times will fall betw een which two values? For this particular data set, is this empirical rule at least approximately correct? 20- The file POP_21 . XSL consumer confidence Index (CLC) attempts to measure peoples feelings about general business conditions, employment opportunities, and their own income prospects. Monthly average values of the CLC are listed in the file POP 20. XSL. A- Create a time series graph of the CLC values. B- Have U. S consumers become more or less confident through time? C- How would you explain recent variations in the overall trend of the CLC? 33- The file POP_03. XSL contains data from a survey of 399 people regarding an environmental policy. Use filters for each of the following. A- Identify all respondents who female, middle age, and have two children. What is the average salary of these respondents? Environmental policy. What is the average salary of these respondents. C- Identify all respondents who strongly agree with the environmental police. Hat proportion of these individuals are young? D- Identify all respondents who are either (1) middle-aged men with at least one child and an annual salary of at least $50. 000, or (2) middle-aged women with two or fewer children and an annual salary of at least $30,000. What are the mean and median salaries of the respondents who meet these conditions? What proportion of the respondents who satisfy these conditions agree or strongly agree with the environmental policy?

Top 10 most stressful jobs for 2019

Top 10 most stressful jobs for 2019 Stress at work happens to everyone- it comes and goes, no matter how much you love what you do. Its causes can range from something fleeting, like an unusually heavy workload one week, to something more serious, like a toxic managerial environment. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 40% of American workers say their job is very or extremely stressful. The Bureau of Labor Statistics defines occupational stress by days missed from work caused by a reaction to stress (as opposed to illness or injury), and finds it is often highest in white collar industries and service industries. So, working on an Alaskan oil rig can be physically dangerous and cause one kind of stress, while teaching first graders causes quite another.The most stressful jobs of 2019 are defined by their high stakes (life and death), public accountability, financial cost or the need for quick decision-making.The most stressful jobs you can have right nowSurgeonAs nerve-wracking it i s for someone to go under the knife, it takes a steady and well-trained hand to perform the work. With a median pay of around $250,000 per year, surgeons are well compensated for their high-stakes job- and must be highly prepared to deal with its pressures.The actual act of surgery often must be performed under intense scrutiny, can have life-altering effects for the patient, and can lead to potential litigation if something goes wrong. Surgeons’ actions can be the difference between life and death, and with that responsibility comes a high stress load.Politician/Political aideIf you’re in the political business in 2019 at the federal or state level, the spotlight can be hectic, and the choices you make can have severe consequences for the public. Political division between parties, as well as protests, and contentious town hall meetings, have been on the rise. So while people in politics help shape policies that affect the lives of people in their communities, they ma y also face confrontation and criticism from an ever-divided public.ReporterWhether it’s a newscaster who has to be on point for the camera or a writer facing a deadline, the fast pace, need for utmost accuracy, and highly public nature of the job makes this job anything but boring. From research, scooping the competition, to the continual need to create content amid the 24-hour news cycles, reporters can deal with a lot of stress, heavy workloads, and lots of traveling and long hours. On top of all that, this is a job of passion- not huge paychecks. While newspaper reporters’ median salary is around $43,000, the broadcast news analyst’s median salary is closer to around $62,000.Military personnelThe physical demands and life-threatening situations faced by soldiers are some of the highest stressors faced by workers the world over, with long-lasting repercussions from PTSD to physical injuries. In addition, no matter what department you are in, a military career has the potential to affect entire regions- a level of responsibility that is a burden to deal with on a daily basis. Other factors can also make the job stressful: constant travel, time away from family and a support network, and having to uproot family to move depending on assignments.FirefighterWildfires in California have recently created public health and ecological disasters- and firefighters are the ones at the scene, controlling the action and dealing with its after effects. Firefighters can work at different levels. They can be employed to help evacuate buildings on fire locally, but also entire regions under threat. They’re the ones running into danger whose main goal is to keep others safe, which requires a level-head and bravery in emergency situations, and can no doubt lead to stress.PR directorDid someone mention putting out fires? The PR executive is often considered someone who handles public relations disasters- when an oil company spills billions of gallons into the ocean, for example. Fixing an organization’s public image can take many stressful months (sometimes years). Cultivating media relations, monitoring PR campaigns, coordinating interviews, and being a spokesperson for a particular brand, may not seem as high-stakes as fixing an environmental disaster, but these tasks still come with a heavy workload. Mistakes in this job are often highly public, and thus consequential.Police officerPolice officers assess danger and threat, and often deal with the public in emergency situations. The fact that almost everyone now carries a small video camera around with them in their phone means the level of scrutiny and criticism the average police officer may face has also heightened over the past few years. This job responsible for public safety has high stakes and high importance- and high stress.Senior corporate executiveFinancial and insurance industries contain some of the most stressed people in the world, and the top spot at an y corporation will come with heightened responsibility for decision-making with heavy financial consequences. The corporate executive is beholden to workers, shareholders, and the public and clients they serve. The larger the organization, the heavier the weight of this responsibility. With a median salary for chief executives at around $183,00, this position is well compensated for the stress.TeacherMost people hate public speaking. Try doing it multiple times throughout the day for an audience that may include disinterested and unruly students who need to be disciplined in addition to being educated.Teaching comes with lots of hidden stressors. Teachers can make a lifelong impact on their students, which is a huge responsibility. Lesson planning and grading can have teachers working late nights. Teachers in low-income communities in particular, who have less support in technology or school supplies in the classroom, have an added stress in helping students reach learning goals. Th is is a rewarding job, but comes with a lot of stress for the median salary of between $56,000-$59,000 at the elementary level to high school levels.Catering managerWhile it’s not life or death, the catered event often involves a lot of money, a lot of people, and a lot of coordination and timing for events to run smoothly. How else can 200 dinners come out of the kitchen at the exact same time? Catering companies can take on several large-scale events in a single day, too, which requires a lot of planning of staff and resources.The catering manager, who is one of the key players responsible for making an event run smoothly, guides staff, works with chefs to serve dishes in a tight timeframe, interfaces with the public, and faces direct consequences both financially and through immediate customer feedback when things go awry.

Translation as a normgoverned activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Translation as a normgoverned activity - Essay Example There was a time when translation was perceived as a secondary activity, it was more likely to be understood as a 'mechanical' process rather than a 'creative' process, with a common perception that any layman can handle it. Gideon Toury presented a unique and new approach to reassess translation research in the 1980s until the translation studies was dominated by the systemic approach pioneered by Itamar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury. Toury being the pioneer of "Polysystems theory" shifted it towards a radical development because he wanted to acquire the attention away from arid debates about faithfulness and equivalence towards an examination of the role of the translated text in its new context. Significantly, this opened the way for further research into the history of translation, leading also to a reassessment of the importance of translation as a force for change and innovation in literary history. Whereas previously the emphasis had previously been on comparing original and translation, often with a view to establishing what had been 'lost' or 'betrayed' in the translation process, the new approach took a resolutely different line, seeking not to evaluate but to understand the shifts of emphasis that had taken place during the transfer of texts from one literary system into another. Polysystems theory focused exclusively on literary translation, though it operated with an enlarged notion of the literary which included a broad range of items of literary production including dubbing and subtitling, children's literature, popular culture and advertising. When in 1995, Gideon Toury published "Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond", he meant to reassess the 'polysystems' approach (which was presented by first Itamar Even-Zohar) for the reason that it was disliked by some scholars for its over-emphasis on the target system. That means Toury's intentions were not to take full credit what was started by Itamar. While putting his emphasis on target culture, Toury mentioned and highlighted the need to fill in the gap created by target culture, it is logical to make the target system the object of study. He also pointed out the need to establish patterns of regularity of translational behaviour, in order to study the way in which norms are formulated and how they operate. Toury explicitly rejected any idea that the object of translation theory is to improve the quality of translations: theorists have one agenda, he argues, while practitioners have different responsibilities. Although Toury's views were never universally accepted but th ey acquired respect and esteem for the reason that it was significant during the 1990s to work, research and show efforts on translation norms and a call for greater scientificity in the study of translation. In Search of a Theory of Translation (1980) Although Toury's publication with Tel Aviv School of Poetics and Semiotics met with various criticisms and failure but Toury alone could not be held responsible for it for many reasons. The study of translation norms in the mid of 1970s did not expose Toury much towards the field as translation was not at heyday as what is today. No particular work had been done in the field of translations studies, until Toury Gideon along with Itamar Even-Zohar researched the field of literature and semiotics. It was Toury who discovered

Signature Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Signature Assignment - Essay Example If an organization is serious about its commitment to diversity, one would expect that this would be reflected in the design, content and graphics of the web site. Potential employees, customers, suppliers, etc. often turn to the website before initiating interaction with an organization. If diversity is really integral to the mission and values of an organization, information on diversity should be easily accessible, informative and well-integrated into the website. Diversity at Google In response to the above statement, Google mission is to organize the various amount of information and make them universally useful and accessible. This implies that the mission statement is diversified and it thus well integrated in its website. Diversity has a long history in Google, right from its founders and employees who knew that it was the right way to build the company. Starting from Alan Eustace, who launched the Anlta Borg Scholrship in the year 2004 to formation of global network for the employee such as â€Å"Google Women Engineers† diversity efforts made at Google are â€Å"bubbling up and trickling down† since its inception (Google, 2010, 5-6). ... The site provides direct link to the culture of Google and Googlers which indicates the work diversity it has in its organization. The location, about the management team, believes of the company and what Google actually does is all stated clearly in its site. In addition to the above, the various products and services that Google offers are also clearly mentioned on the home page of Google (Google-a, n.d). Diversity related material includes culture, location and the management team and along with it believes of Google and Googlers also can be referred to as diversity related materials. Google is known for its diversity in work culture and hires people from different culture and work hard in order to ensure its commitment towards diversity and build everything that Goggle does, from recruiting employees and building the work culture to running the business and developing the product, services and tools. Google celebrates a wide culture of diversity and forms an essential component a t Google culture. Among the various celebrations that take place at Google such as Veteran’s Day, Black History Month, Hispanic Heritage Month, LGBT Pride, Google has also developed few traditions and celebrations for the Googlers and people who are part of Employee Resource Groups (Google-b, n.d). Diversity initiatives at Google focus mainly on three main areas, to change the technology industry; to create a work place and to empower diverse business along with communities online. In addition to the culture diversity, Google also celebrates diversity with its Google Doodles (Google-c, 2011). However the diversity in relation to Google Doodles is not directly shown in the website of Google and there is no direct link from the home page. But by saying so it does not mean that

How Can Diet Help Prevent Heart Attacks Research Paper

How Can Diet Help Prevent Heart Attacks - Research Paper Example All in all, it has been concluded that diet and nutrition, along with lifestyle activities, can have a significant impact on heart conditions. Introduction A healthy diet provides favorable effects on individuals who suffer from heart disease; generally speaking, a healthy diet can primarily contribute to the prevention of heart disease, slow down the progression of the heart disease that the individual is currently experiencing, as well as enable the patient to easily recover from heart surgery and other heart-related experiences (Kromhout, Menotti, Kesteloot, and Sans, 2002). Specific components of one’s diet significantly contribute to the prevention and cure of various heart disease aspects. Unhealthy diet, along with physical inactivity, can greatly lead to overweight and obesity and have been considered as the most prevalent factors that increase risks for heart disease. The function of diet and nutrition has been influenced by economic, physiological, cultural, and soci al factors. Most often, a healthy diet is combined with physical activities and behavioral changes to obtain positive outcomes when it comes to preventing heart disease and enabling heart disease patients to successfully recover. The following sections will then delve into the concept of a healthy diet and its impact on heart-related conditions. Additionally, the foods to avoid as well as those that should be consumed will be discussed along with the available ways with which the public can obtain assistance for heart disease cure and prevention. Discussion Definition of a Healthy Diet A healthy diet refers to one that supports the individual in maintaining and improving his/her health. It plays an important function for lowering the chronic risks for adverse health conditions, including heart disease, hypertension, obesity, and cancer (Hu and Willett, 2002). A healthy diet is comprised of adequate amounts of important nutrients along with sufficient amounts of water. Nutrients are obtained through a wide range of foods; therefore, a healthy diet requires a balance among various nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This way, it will be capable of supporting the individual’s energy needs and providing the nutrients to address the needs for nutrition without having to bring about toxicity or excessive weight as a result of consuming disproportionate amounts of food (Kromhout et al, 2002). Several diets and recommendations have been established and promoted by certain health institutions, such as the World Health Organization. The group advises that health can be promoted and certain disease be prevented by following a number of guidelines, such as focusing on obtaining the ideal weight and achieving energy balance. Individuals should also limit their intake of saturated fats, focus more on unsaturated fats, and eliminate trans-fatty acids. Meanwhile, it has also been advised by the WHO to increase the consumption of nutritious groups of f ood, including whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting the intake of sugar and salt. The American Heart Association also established recommendations with regards to having a healthy diet that is comprised of

Midterm Learning Reflection Essay Example for Free

Midterm Learning Reflection Essay Introduction. You should print this out, although you may also use it as a template to type over. You will be writing two reflections this term: a midterm reflection and a final reflection. The final reflection is the one you want to have ultimately on your portfolio. Both your midterm and final learning reflections must be 700 to 1000 words, which is approximately two to three MLA-formatted pages. You can check your word count by going to Tools/Word Count on the menu bar. Style and Format. The writing style of the learning reflection is primarily expressive, but will also contain narrative elements. You do not need a Works Cited page unless you cite something. So, if, for example, you cite song lyrics, one of our texts, a poem, or even a work of art, then you need a Works Cited page. I’ve included one here to serve you for formatting purposes. File formats. We are going to be learning how to convert Word documents to pdf format so that they load more easily in a browser window. If you can, please practice with one or both of the following two methods, which are what I use (they are free). 1. Install a free pdf converter. These are not truly â€Å"free† in that they either force you to look at some advertising or they add a line on each page advertising the manufacturer of the software. I don’t have a problem with either of these and gladly suffer through the free advertising every time I convert a file to pdf, which I do all the time. The one I use to create all the pdf files for my classes is at http://www.pdf995.com/download.html. Download both the Pdf995 Printer Driver and the Free Converter (they are both free; they are required to work together, but for some reason, they are two separate downloads). After you go through the download and installation process, every time you want to create a pdf file from Word, all you need to do is select File/Print and then chose PDF995, which will show up as a â€Å"printer.† When you initiate this process of creating a pdf file, you will be prompted for a place to save the file, as well as a file name. Be careful to save the file to your H: drive or, if to your C: drive, to ftp (transfer) it over to your H: drive later. You will notice that some advertisements come up as the conversion process occurs. That’s the â€Å"price† you pay for the free conversion software. 2. The other pdf-conversion method I like is to use the free OpenOffice word processing software. This software should be in our labs. You can also download it for free on your own computer, from http://www.openoffice.org/. This is basically an open-source version of Microsoft Office. Once you’ve installed it (it’s large and takes a while to install), you can open any Word document with the OpenOffice word processing program (Open Document). Some of the original Word formatting may be lost – especially the header information with your last name and page number. You will need to add that back in; be sure you do it correctly. When you’re satisfied with the format, there is a little pdf icon on the toolbar that you can click, and that will automatically convert the document to pdf format. Learning Reflection Content. What should you discuss in your reflection? In general, you discuss what you’ve learned, what you’ve done especially well, what you’ve enjoyed – and the challenges you’ve encountered and how you might make changes in the future. Here are some suggestions for what to write about: †¢ Your experience transitioning from high school (or wherever you were previously) to a freshman in college, focusing on how you have grown as an individual and an independent student. †¢ Your experience in this particular course – your year-long freshman inquiry. In this regard, you should probably focus on the University Studies goals and the ways in which you have grown and developed with respect to those goals. I would expect that other courses have also contributed to the goal areas, so you might want to highlight any that have been particularly useful in that regard. †¢ Other experiences as a student here at Portland State. Portland State University’s mission is â€Å"Let Knowledge Serve the City,† which reflects the fact that we are an urban university. What have you learned with respect to community, diversity, and the connection between a learning community (the university) and the city in which it is located? Keep in mind that you may have acquired valuable experiences outside of the classroom, but still connected to your identity as a student. o Perhaps you have learned important lessons about discipline and time management as a student athlete, which may serve you well when you enter the workforce. o Maybe your involvement in activities with other students – such as taking dance classes or playing in the band or spending hours in an art studio or toughing out chemistry and physics labs – has improved your personal skills and brought to light new areas of interest, which you’ve pursued in your free time. o Or perhaps you’ve found out that you are a loner, that you haven’t connected very well with a lot of the people in your classes. As you reflect on this (or any other conclusions that some – maybe you – might consider, well, depressing), think of this is an opportunity to think of ways to make some changes in the future. †¢ A reflection, in other words, should include a self-assessment element as well as thinking along the lines of â€Å"What could I do better or differently in the future?† Consider the challenges you’ve faced, how you’ve overcome them, or how you’d like to overcome them in the future. Conclusion. Your reflection should end in a way that gives the reader the sense that you are closing up a chapter in your life and ready to move on, with some ideas in mind of what you might do differently. My suggestion is that you do not spend a lot of time critiquing the world around you; after all, you can’t change that very much. Confine your reflection to you and what you have learned and experienced. Dwelling on what you don’t like about a given course or program is not a reflection about you, but about something else. Works Cited Eakin, Paul John. How Our Lives Become Stories: Making Selves. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1999. Fiske, John. â€Å"Popular Culture.† Critical Terms for Literary Study. Ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. 321 335. Harrison, Claire. â€Å"Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest, and Why.† First Monday. 7 Oct. 2002. 10 Feb. 2004 .

Vouchers and School Choice are Bad :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

School Choice and Vouchers are Bad I have spent considerable time reading the literature on the topic of school choice and tuition vouchers. I was initially in favor of the idea simply because it seems to be common sense. After just a little reading, I am now an advid supporter. After all, our entire standard of living is based on the idea of choice. The more choices we have, and the means to pursue those choices, the higher the standard of living we enjoy. In our lives, simply stated, choice means everything. When it comes to public schooling is there a choice? David Kirkpatrick, in his book, Choice In Schooling, argues that choice already exists de facto in our system and it is not regulated. It is because of this lack of regulation such inequality exists. Let us not kid ourselves, education may profess to be about equity and equal opportunity, but this has never been the case in America or any other country. Education is about power. Power is a tool guarded by those who have it. Those with the means in this society already have exercised their choice and have built their own schools based on choice and in turn new opportunities. The masses have then been left to the confines of a limited system. Make no mistake, in a capitalist society, this is by design. I remember reading the America at Risk report on Education in America, there was one line in there that summed up the educational system in this country and the lack of effort to change it. "If this current educational system was instituted in America by a foreign nation, it would be cause for a social revolution and a formal declaration of war." Yet it is accepted by those in power and justified for its existence through laws and coercion of the masses. Why then do schools stay relatively unchanged? The article, A School for Choice, by Debra Viadero, outlines some "red flags" that are meant to caution for school choice. In my opinion, taken together, these make a weak argument at best to counter the need for choice. The concern of parents being good consumers is a good example of a ridiculous red flags. I suppose it is better to have no choice than to have any choice? Given time, parents will become savvy to the market and make good consumer decisions. Vouchers and School Choice are Bad :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics School Choice and Vouchers are Bad I have spent considerable time reading the literature on the topic of school choice and tuition vouchers. I was initially in favor of the idea simply because it seems to be common sense. After just a little reading, I am now an advid supporter. After all, our entire standard of living is based on the idea of choice. The more choices we have, and the means to pursue those choices, the higher the standard of living we enjoy. In our lives, simply stated, choice means everything. When it comes to public schooling is there a choice? David Kirkpatrick, in his book, Choice In Schooling, argues that choice already exists de facto in our system and it is not regulated. It is because of this lack of regulation such inequality exists. Let us not kid ourselves, education may profess to be about equity and equal opportunity, but this has never been the case in America or any other country. Education is about power. Power is a tool guarded by those who have it. Those with the means in this society already have exercised their choice and have built their own schools based on choice and in turn new opportunities. The masses have then been left to the confines of a limited system. Make no mistake, in a capitalist society, this is by design. I remember reading the America at Risk report on Education in America, there was one line in there that summed up the educational system in this country and the lack of effort to change it. "If this current educational system was instituted in America by a foreign nation, it would be cause for a social revolution and a formal declaration of war." Yet it is accepted by those in power and justified for its existence through laws and coercion of the masses. Why then do schools stay relatively unchanged? The article, A School for Choice, by Debra Viadero, outlines some "red flags" that are meant to caution for school choice. In my opinion, taken together, these make a weak argument at best to counter the need for choice. The concern of parents being good consumers is a good example of a ridiculous red flags. I suppose it is better to have no choice than to have any choice? Given time, parents will become savvy to the market and make good consumer decisions.

Family and Gender Relations :: essays research papers

Assignment One – Short Essay ] Topic: Family and gender relations Drawing on the concepts of globalisation and globalism discussed in your textbooks and the Reader, address the following question: Does globalisation represent a radically new period in human history? Jan Scholte (2000:39) wrote about globalisation, that the only consensus is that it is contested. â€Å"People have held widely differing views regarding definition, scale, chronology, impact and policy (Scholte 2000:39). Use of the term globalisation is high and yet a common understanding of its meaning and where it fits in the history of mankind is frequently vague and based on assumption rather than evidence (Scholte 2000:1). Using one definition from many, of globalisation and globalism and the changes through history that sociologists have used to make sense of the phenomenon, this essay will demonstrate that while globalisation represents both a new and old period in human history, it can only be called radical in its recent state. The working definition of globalisation used in this essay, has been separated from Jan Scholte’s five broad definitions (2000:15). Deterritorialisation or supraterritorioality is based on the process of change to geography in which territorial boundaries become less important (Scholte 2000:16). This concept encompasses all other definitions that Scholte identified, as it has a wide focus which allows each to be occurring because of this change in geography. Robin Cohen and Paul Kennedy’s definitions of globalisation (Cohen and Kennedy 2000:11) are not in opposition with the concept of supraterritoriality, describing it ‘as the ways in which the world is being knitted together’ and ‘the objective, external ties that bind us together’. To fully understand globalisation it is necessary to differentiate it from globalism. It is described as the ‘subjective realm’, unlike globalisation which refers to a series of ‘objective changes in the world that are partly outside us’ (Cohan and Kennedy 2000:34). To simplify, this describes the collective way in which the world views itself as a result of globalisation. Globalism is seen as a result of globalisation and as such quite a new phenomenon (Cohan and Kennedy 2000:34). It is quite important to make this differentiation as many times when writers are referring to globalisation as new phenomenon they are using examples that are in fact forms of globalism, a distinctly different concept. Is globalisation a new or old? Opinions on this tend to cross over while identifying different phases. Cohen and Kennedy believe that globalisation can be traced back through history, but that its processes have accelerated in recent years (Cohan and Kennedy 2000:34).

Credit Card Hacking

Credit card also referred as plastic money. It is a card provides by bank to user in respect of his bank account or even with out bank account in that bank but against his income amount which he have through his job or business or even his cultivated land. There are two types of card, Credit card and debit card. Credit card is interest base and has certain amount of money which that particular bank pays against you and you will have to pay it back to the bank with interest. Debit card is different from credit card, you can also use it for payments but this payment goes directly from your own account. The concept of cards are basically introduced the idea of CASH WITHOUT MONEY, just for safe your cash from lost and theft. Cash is secure by credit card, but is your card secure .In the world of crime, a new crime has taken birth and it is Credit Card hacking. What you know about credit card hacking? It is simply awesome or a night mare but it can happen. Many people are unaware that when they give their credit card, it can be hacked. There are many ways by which the card can be hacked. Some are here for general purpose. The most common way of credit card’s hacking is quite easy and almost safe. When someone gives his card to any retailers for payment, the retailer copies the code and sells it to the hackers. The retailer copied the code of credit card and then with the help of MSR, transfers it to computer and makes a new but fake card. The credit card holder can’t imagine even what had happened with him. The other method of credit card’s â€Å"hacking† is â€Å"white card†. These white cards are easily available in many countries’ markets and samagals to Pakistan by many people. Unfortunately these cards cannot check in scan machines at Pakistani’s airports. (Quoted from Cyber crime wing FIA Pakistan). These white cards used for as ID cards in big companies as their workers showed it in their scanners and get in the company. But hackers are doing misuse of these cards and they convert the hacked data into this white card’ chip and coated it into fake credit card. To avoid such crimes, the banks are going more conscious to save and secure their DATA that no hacker can reach to them. Now a day’s many banks are introducing Credit card’ insurance plan. It is quite safe and pinafore of card holders. The banks take extra charges for insurance but in the case of insurance, bank is liable to pay you your extra money which is not spend by you, either in case of theft or fraud.

Who or That †That Is The Question

Who or That – That Is The Question Who or That – That Is The Question Who or That – That Is The Question By Guest Author This is a guest post by Charles Ray. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Some might think me an old fashioned, stuffy person when it comes to grammar. I realize that language, whether written or spoken, is a living thing, and that it changes with time; but, there are some modern conventions that I have problems with. Some things that young people say and write these days grate on my ear, and I resist them with all my might. One of the conventions that really gets my dander up is the use of ‘that’ in sentences when logic, and my ear, tells me that ‘who’ would be more appropriate. Here, for instance, is a sentence I encountered recently in a paper written by a college graduate: â€Å"The judge that decided the case came from the lower court.† Now, I assume the judge in this sentence is human, and when I struggled with English grammar many decades ago, this sentence would have earned red marks all over the page – and quite likely a failing grade. I would have been told in no uncertain terms that the correct formulation is, â€Å"The judge who. . .† I have been chided by many of my colleagues for my fussiness over this particular issue; and it is just one of many modern grammatical conventions that send me into orbit when I encounter them. They’ve pointed out that this is not ‘incorrect,’ and besides, it has become accepted usage among a large number of writers. Well, not this writer. Correct, it might be, and I’m not entirely convinced of that, but it just doesn’t sound right. It grates on my ear when I hear or read it. Just because a lot of people do something doesn’t make it the right and proper thing to do. In my dictionary, one of the definitions of ‘that’ is, â€Å"Adj. Being the one singled out or understood.† ‘Who,’ on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"What or which persons used as a relative pronoun to introduce a clause when the antecedent is a human, or is understood to be a human.† From these definitions, I will grant there is some merit to the argument that using ‘that’ instead of ‘who’ is not incorrect, per se. But, when we write, the purpose is to communicate, and when a ‘correct’ convention gets in the way of communication, it is ‘wrong.’ The language and its grammar are constantly changing, but this is no reason for us to blithely accept each change. We should in fact firmly resist any change until it is proven to be not merely correct, but right. I have not been convinced that substituting ‘that’ for ‘who’ is right, and until I am, I will continue to be the grammar cop who stands in the middle of the street with hands out saying, â€Å"Stop!† And, that is all I have to say about ‘that.’ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesBest Websites to Learn English30 Nautical Expressions

A Brief History of U.S.-Israeli-Palestinian Relations

A Brief History of U.S.-Israeli-Palestinian Relations Even though Palestine is not an official state, the U.S. and Palestine have a long history of rocky diplomatic relations. With Palestinian Authority (PA) head Mahmoud Abbas set to appeal for the creation of a Palestinian state at the United Nations on September 19, 2011- and the U.S. set to veto the measure- that foreign policy history is again in the spotlight. The story of U.S.-Palestinian relations is lengthy, and it obviously includes much of the history of Israel. This is the first of several articles on the U.S.-Palestinian-Israeli relationship. History Palestine is an Islamic region, or perhaps several regions, in and around the Jewish-state of Israel in the Middle East. Its four million people live largely in the West Bank along the Jordan River, and in the Gaza Strip near Israels border with Egypt. Israel occupies both the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It created Jewish settlements in each place, and has waged several small wars for control of those areas. The United States has traditionally backed Israel and its right to exist as a recognized state. At the same time, the U.S. has sought cooperation from Arab nations in the Middle East, both to achieve its energy needs and to secure a safe environment for Israel. Those dual American goals have put Palestinians in the midst of a diplomatic tug-of-war for nearly 65 years. Zionism Jewish and Palestinian conflict began at the turn of the 20th Century as many Jews worldwide began the Zionist movement. Because of discrimination in the Ukraine and other parts of Europe, they sought territory of their own around the Biblical holy lands of the Levant between the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. They also wanted that territory to include Jerusalem. Palestinians also consider Jerusalem a holy center. Great Britain, with a significant Jewish population of its own, backed Zionism. During World War I, it took control of much of Palestine and maintained post-war control through a League of Nations mandate finalized in 1922. Arab Palestinians revolted against British rule on several occasions in the 1920s and 1930s. Only after Nazis staged mass executions of Jews during the Holocaust of World War II did the international community begin backing the Jewish quest for a recognized state in the Middle East. Partitioning and Diaspora The United Nations authored a plan to partition the region into Jewish and Palestinian areas, with the intention that each become states. In 1947 Palestinians and Arabs from Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, and Syria began hostilities against Jews. That same year saw the beginning of a Palestinian diaspora. Some 700,000 Palestinians were displaced as Israeli boundaries became clear. On May 14, 1948, Israel declared its independence. The United States and most members of the United Nations recognized the new Jewish state. Palestinians call the date al-Naqba, or the catastrophe. Full-blown war erupted. Israel beat the coalition of Palestinians and Arabs, taking territory that the United Nations had designated for Palestine. Israel, however, was always felt insecure as it did not occupy the West Bank, the Golan Heights, or the Gaza Strip. Those territories would serve as buffers against Jordan, Syria, and Egypt respectively. It fought- and won- wars in 1967 and 1973 to occupy those territories. In 1967 it also occupied the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. Many Palestinians who had fled in the diaspora, or their descendants, found themselves again living under Israeli control. Although considered illegal under international law, Israel has also built Jewish settlements throughout the West Bank. U.S. Backing The United States backed Israel throughout those wars. The U.S. has also continuously sent military equipment and foreign aid to Israel. American support of Israel, however, has made its relations with neighboring Arab countries and Palestinians problematic. Palestinian displacement and the lack of an official Palestinian state became a central tenet of much anti-American Islamic and Arabic sentiment. The United States has had to craft foreign policy that both helps keep Israel secure and allows American access to Arab oil and shipping ports.